Snowden

It truly seems as though the days of having full privacy is over with the coming of these new leaks by Edward Snowden. The government has many borderline unethical powers that are Justified by terrorism today. But with our current status of technology being iPhones and iPads with all of our emails and data being stored ‘in the cloud,' is it a shock to think that somebody other than us could see it? Yes, Edward Snowden broke laws regarding disclosure of private government information and he should be punished for his actions, but couldn't we say the same about the government's use of our information?It seems that we take for granted our so-called privacy, but with this release of Snowden's it doesn't seem that we can have any privacy at all these days. My answer is yes, I do believe that the government has stepped its' bounds on spying on its own citizens. I understand that they do so for the sake of protecting us from terrorism and that is great, that's what they are there for. My concern is that when spying becomes anything more than protecting the people, it crosses the line of being ethical and that is not right.As I stated earlier I think Snowden deserves some ort of sentence because he crossed the line on disclosure of documents to the public. That is the law and it should be obeyed, whether it is right or wrong he broke the rules. I haven't changed my online habits to protect my information because I do believe it's too late, especially with the rise of social media. People now a day are so eager to put out information that in some cases should be kept to themselves on Facebook statuses and in emails. When it comes to my personal information I fear the government more than industry.We live in a time now that if something bad appens, whether it be a serious crime or attacks against our country, the government is able to access all the information about you ever on the internet. Do you remember everything you posted on Facebook or online? What if they find something taken completely out of context but use it against you in an indictment? I believe that the technology we have these days is amazing and we should keep innovating but I'm Just worried that the soon all of our information, whether it be personal or professional will be online and accessible by someone, somewhere at any time.

Compare different possible readings Essay

Compare different possible readings of the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia. What impact would different interpretations have on the play as a whole? You might like in particular to consider what difference would be made to a production of the play if the female characters were presented as strong in themselves, or as weak and in the control of others. What would be your preferred reading? Why? It is inarguable that the two females with most influence throughout ‘Hamlet’ are Ophelia and Gertrude, they are, after all, the only females! Their position as the only two women in the play immediately marks them out as non-typical characters; ‘Hamlet’ is a play centred around a struggle for the throne of Denmark, and the fact that the strength and influence of these characters is a matter of some debate adds to the complexities that make ‘Hamlet’ the play that it is. Two fairly major characters within the play posses a seemingly small influence upon the eventual outcome. The characters have, at first glance, little effect upon the major events of the play, and it is only through their interaction with the male cast that they have any real influence. This is what makes the question of the strength of their character such a pivotal one; it is very easy to portray them as weak, and under the influence of their male peers, but if they are perceived as strong characters, it may become apparent that, through manipulation of the men around them, they have far more influence on proceedings than was first assumed. Often, particular in mid 20th century interpretations of the play, Ophelia is portrayed as a very weak character, fulfilling the basic role of women of her time; following the will of her father, and waiting on the words of her sometime ‘lover’, Hamlet. The relationship with between them is one of the defining points of the debate over Ophelia being weak (or not). This is particularly the case when considering the issue of her refusal of hamlet’s advances. When portrayed as weak, Ophelia is often visibly scared of hamlet when he is in the depths of his apparent madness. Her confusion at Hamlets reaction to her returning his ‘remembrances’ is an adequate demonstration of Ophelia fulfilling her role as an ear for the male characters to speak to. In this role she is little more than a plot device, with her death being the catalyst for the eventual conclusion of the play. If, however, Ophelia’s role is interpreted as that of a strong, and intelligent woman, the situation is suddenly rendered almost entirely different; whereas before, it would be assumed Ophelia was acting against her will, due to her father, either ending the relationship unwillingly, or ending a non-existent relationship (pretending that she was involved with Hamlet, when in fact she was not) in order to further her father’s pursuit of Claudius’ favour, she is now acting for herself, and ending her liaisons with hamlet for a personal motive. She is no longer confused and afraid of Hamlet’s reaction; merely playing out the role she feels she must. A differ Ophelia may still be seen as being influenced by those around her, this time she is following advice though, Laertes having already warned her of the fickle nature of Hamlet. In this case, she is merely taking matters into her own hands, and acting out of her own self interest, thereby asserting herself as a character who interacts with those around her, compared to merely taking orders and passing messages.

Starbucks Crisis Communication Plan Research Paper

Starbucks Crisis Communication Plan - Research Paper Example   The company's guiding philosophy will be to convey details as fast as probable and updating specifics regularly as conditions change. This is to make certain about the security of the Starbuck's society and the continuous operation of indispensable services and provisions. The company's efforts to be concurrently precise and quick may imply that several communications are imperfect. Starbuck's acknowledges this, understanding that how they communicate in an urgent situation or crisis will influence the public perceptions of the organization (Timothy, 2012). Openness and swiftness are the most effectual means to keep away from lasting harm to the establishment and extensive second-guessing by the community that anticipates instant access to precise information. A superior offense is the best protection. At the same instance, the company realizes that in a disaster, people will possibly anticipate Starbucks to have more details than they may essentially know. That makes it essentia l to communicating with precision concerning what they know and not to guess regarding details they do not recognize. The organization will employ numerous platforms to get to as many individuals as possible with precise, well-timed information. This is particularly significant in the initial hours and days of an urgent situation or an emergency. The company's objective is to be open, answerable and available to all audiences while as well being watchful of lawful and confidentiality concerns.  

Review of the Literature (It is related Final Project) Article

Review of the Literature (It is related Final Project) - Article Example These components remain applicable to different professions, but specific professions have ethical values governed by prevailing legal elements within the profession. While some professions remain generally governed by internal regulation, other professions, like nursing and midwifery, have statutory bodies regulating professional ethical conduct. Ethical issues in healthcare profession Contrary to other professions, the healthcare professional ethics are governed by statutory bodies. These bodies impose an element of legality within the professional ethics. The close relationships between these elements create significant difficulty of separating malpractices based on ethical values and those related to legal values. The healthcare professional ethics become complicated by the inclusion of numerous statutory laws, professional regulations and expected high standards of practice. Ethical issues within the profession become intertwined within the numerous legal elements governing oper ating standards, expected by the society from medical professionals. While certain elements remain legal within the provisions of law, ethical factors could contradict numerous undertaking of the medical profession. Abortion, for example, is legal within many American jurisdictions; however, performing abortion might appear unethical because of the attributed societal concerns (Greenwood, 2012). Confidentiality This issue remains both ethical and legal within the medical profession. Under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA) Act of 1996, privacy rule requires medical professionals to maintain confidentiality of a patient’s medical information. Ethically, information shared between a patient and doctor should remain confined within their knowledge. Medical professionals could be legally sued for allowing leakage of such information. Deliberate release of this information could amount to unethical practice, but could also initiate litigation from the aggr ieved party (Wafa, 2010). This information could, however, be mistakenly released from confining information centers resulting in legal action being undertaken against the medical professional involved. Though there are legal elements concerning information confidentiality, healthcare professional are never administered with legal oaths of confidentiality. The lack of legally binding agreements to confidentiality, places the issue within ethical boundaries. Healthcare professional remain ethically bound to these legislative measures concerning various ethical practices. The major advantage of this legal and ethical element remains the ability for public members to initiate legal action against medical practitioners. The need to avoid litigation processes could enhance better confidentiality within the healthcare profession. Should mistakes occur, leading to leakage of such information, the medical professionals’ careers become risky. Lawsuits against doctors could have advers e effects on reputation of doctors; hence affect their abilities in delivering or undertaking similar healthcare operations. While medical professions become careful in maintaining confidentiality, instances breaching the confidentiality could become career-destroying moments. Malpractice This could be defined as an element of both legal and ethical practice factors. Malpractice borders between legal and ethical

Subsidies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Subsidies - Research Paper Example It will investigate whether the tax system serves as a subsidy to the sector or not. In Pakistan there are a large number of cafes and restaurants that apply charges on the Bills. Sometimes the rates of these charges are really high which makes it difficult for the common middle class man to have a meal in such restaurants. The study will try to explore whether this tax system is making a division in the class or not and is promoting a society which supports a class system or not. One of the major reasons for investigating this area is that Pakistan is a third world country with a majority of people in the middle class. There still exist a large numbers of places where only rich people reside. These places are the ones that apply huge tax rate on the bills. The study will investigate the correlation between tax and class;whether higher tax invites higher class. Studying the tax structure has been the interest of all countries as it is linked to the development of the country. Bargain et al, (2011)reports the progressive nature of the tax structure by saying‘The tax structure in almost all the countriesis progressive’. This progressive nature of tax structures has a lot of advantages and disadvantages. Chaudhri (1965) in the research article ‘Taxation in Pakistan: A Critical Appraisal’ state the disadvantages of tax system by saying that ‘whatever money is collected is looted by the rulers or spent on unnecessary luxury items’. Qualitative research methodology will be applied because it will answer ‘how’, ‘what’, ‘why’ questions. For example, what are the benefits of tax system?Why tax system is applied? How tax system benefits the industry? etc. The research will also employ Quantitative research methodology because a set of interviews and questionnaires will be prepared. These interviews and questionnaires will cover the views of the owners of different cafes and restaurants. The results will be based on their responses and

Personal Data Protection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Data Protection - Assignment Example There are indeed thousands of solutions to data security available in the technology market but still protection of personal data is very difficult. We have quite common security breaches despite having a wide assortment of technical answers such as personal firewalls, network firewalls, solutions to operating system patching, antiviruses, intrusion detection or prevention systems, anti-spyware, and security management systems. We are not yet able to protect our data because of the fact that we are not ready to take personal responsibility in protecting our data. This is because computer and network security goes beyond simple purchase of gadgets and software for data protection. Personal responsibility for the manner in which our computers are made use of and how we do take into consideration data handling processes is necessary. For us to address and ensure protection of personal data, we need to introduce institutional and behavioral changes so as to fully tackle computer security threats, reputation risks, and heightening the legislation on data security. We can only protect our personal data if we take responsibility and avoid careless practice while handling data and processes such as running accounts without passwords, a very common thing among many people (Schuste Steve, 2006, pp.140-141). If we happen to continue with this trend of not taking responsibility and thus being unable to protect our own data, then we live that to the market. However, we cannot argue that the rich will be the only people who will benefit from this move. This is because data protection is a bigger headache to the rich than it is even to the poor or average person. The richer you are, the higher the government radar is on you and the marketing radar still follows you. Huge transactions involving big funds attract attention from regulatory authorities and the taxman is on the loose to cut a good chunk from it! The vulnerability increases further because of the many interests tha t a richer person elicits from people. Cyber criminals would also want to have their cake and hence such occurrences like hacked accounts of businessmen will be on the rise. Basically, the market cannot be left to protect personal data. However, the only advantage that the rich may have could arise if they are able to take personal responsibility and add purchase of some sophisticated data protection software such as premium email services with SSL connections and encryption and security data protectors (Schuste Steve, 2006, pp.140-141). DQ2- Privacy laws: Research laws regarding privacy and data protection in your country and tell us about them. How do they compare to those in other parts of the world? The privacy law for Canada’s federal private sector is Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). This is quite comprehensive and applies to personal information of Canadian people that is collected, disclosed or used by an organization (includes a partnership, association, trade union, corporation and an individual) in carrying out any form of commercial activities, within provincial or international borders of Canada. Canada has been pushed by the European community to give enough protection for personal data. In its application, this PIPEDA law stipulates that management of personal information should be practiced and implemented in a reasonable manner.

Crime in Context (SC2032C) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crime in Context (SC2032C) - Essay Example What is interesting about this form of crime is that, due to its sheer effects and implications on many other fields of studies, it is no longer viewed just as a part of criminology, or not even just as sociology, but is also involved in other fields like economic, anthropology, law political science and history (Klaus von Lampe 2006). Suffice it to say that it has become a discipline itself, and is studied as a separate and special field of study, having its own literature and figures for study and analysis. Academic sources are drawn from all sorts of fields, and likewise, it has influenced many areas of national and international interaction, especially with the advancement in modern technology (Fiorentini, G & Peltzman, S. 1995). This paper aims at laying down a foundation to the study of organised crime, touching upon its many definitions and theories, its types and their effects on modern as well as historic human societies, and methods and procedures to regulate and control the spread and effects of operations that have been established as organised crime. Definitions: during the study of crime over the past ... The term organised crime was first coined by the Chicago Crime Commission in 1919 (Concept and Theory of Organised Crime in the USA 1999). Since then, this type of crime has taken up different forms and methodologies, depending upon the time in history, the places and cultures associated with it, and the effects it has as a result of the criminal activities of its doers. There is no one crime type that can be labeled as organised crime (Donald R. 1972). However, whatever the scenario, there are certain basic underlying characteristics that are true to all its forms. Broadly speaking, organised crime can be defined as the activities and operations undertaken by a group of criminals who have a hierarchically structured party, monetary acquisitions and funding, and political influences and backup to support their varied interests, involving a rampant use of violence to protect those interests (Wikipedia 2007). In short, as defined by the US Organised Crime Control Act of 1970, organized crime is "The unlawful activities of ... a highly organised, disciplined association...". Studying the various definitions of organised crime is in effect studying the different natures and perspectives in which this type of crime occurs, because each incident in itself has the potential to mold how organised crime is viewed and how it can be controlled. Different sources, according to the kind of facts and figures and data they have collected during their study, put forward different aspects of the crime. One form of the crime could be for supplying

Discuss some of the treats that Cyberterrorism pose. How can Essay

Discuss some of the treats that Cyberterrorism pose. How can cyberattacks be prevented - Essay Example This new class of threats has been termed as cyber – threats, and in the present scenario, there is no section of society that can afford it. The modus operandi of cyber – threats entails the employment of computer technology to perpetrate fraud, heinous crimes and other harmful acts against society. These threats are principally aimed at destroying the internal order of society. Thus, cybercrime can be understood as crimes that are committed through computer networks or by using the Internet (Brenner 381 - 383). Terrorists harvest money and indulge in other criminal objectives via computer technology. Their requirements for conducting such nefarious activities are a personal computer with an internet connection. With this arsenal, even smalltime cyber terrorists can communicate with other members in their group and their opponents. They utilize the internet to share novel methods to employ in their future attacks and other important information. Terrorists have created their own intelligence networks through the internet; and the expenditure incurred by them, in gathering intelligence is negligible, in comparison to the amount spent by most nations for collecting intelligence. Furthermore, terrorists can easily plan and execute their operations through computer networks. These terrorist groups assist each other, in order to enhance their cyber capabilities; and they interact with each other, for the purposes of planning and commissioning their projects. They have the capability to attack th e Global Information Grid and the systems connected to it. Their ultimate aim is to destroy critical infrastructure. The general perception is that terrorists are associated with physical violence and death. However, in marked variance to this general view about terrorists and their operations, several terrorists are highly educated and capable of handling the highly sophisticated computer technologies. These

Has the arrival of the knowledge economy destroyed Braverman's Essay

Has the arrival of the knowledge economy destroyed Braverman's Deskilling Thesis - Essay Example Particular emphasis is given on the interaction of this theory with the knowledge economy; reference is made especially to the fact whether the arrival of the knowledge economy has destroyed the Deskilling Thesis of Braverman or not. The main elements of the two concepts are critically examined. The literature published in the specific field is used in order to check the power of each of the above concepts and their potential perspectives to survive under the terms that current social conditions have been significantly changed compared to the period when the Marxist theories were introduced. At this point it would be necessary to refer to the general framework of the Deskilling Thesis of Braverman, as one of the theories reflecting the Marxist view on the relationship between humans and capital. In accordance with Smith (2000) the Deskilling Thesis of Braverman is based on the proposition that ‘the development of capitalism as an economic system has led to the deskilling of wor kers’ (Smith 2000, p.327). In the context of the above theory, the deskilling of workers is developed through the gradual replacement of highly skilled workers with others, less trained (Smith 2000, p.327). The latter are expected to take lower compensation, a fact that leads to the limitation of ‘bargaining power of workers’ (Smith 2000, p.327), a fact, which can be characterized as one of the priorities of capitalism. The view of Braverman on the deskilling of workers has been mainly based on the Marxist views on capitalism. However, influences seem also to exist from the work of other theorists, who also supported the expansion of deskilling as a social phenomenon in the context of capitalism: an indicative example is the view of Helmut Schelsky (1954) on ‘the role of automation in the increase of stress at work’ (Schelsky 1954, in Stehr 2002, p.143); Merton (1947) has been another theorist supporting deskilling, which was characterized as ‘ enforced obsolescence of skills’ (Merton 1947 in Stehr 2002, p.143). The terms on which the theory of Braverman on deskilling has been based have been extensively criticized; in accordance with Bradley (2000) the particular theory of Braverman promotes ‘a romantic view of skill, ignoring its political and social construction’ (Bradley 2000, p.118). Moreover, Bandelj (2009) notes that the Deskilling Thesis of Braverman is based on capitalism as a trend focusing on the ‘mechanization of labour, the social context of which is heavily ignored’ (Bandelj 2009, p.190). A similar criticism is included in the study of Watson-Boone (1998); the above researcher emphasizes on the following element of Braverman’s theory: in the context of the Braverman theory, the worker is considered to be ‘totally controlled by the capital’ (Watson-Boone, 1998, p.6), a view which could be possibly applied in the past, but in the context of the modern society such perspective cannot be considered as absolute. On the other hand, Kridel (2010) characterizes the view of Braverman on deskilling as partially justified; it is explained that the perceptions of Braverman ‘on the isolation of worker from the production process, as a result of the expansion of capitalism’ (Kridel 2010, p.284) reflected the social and economic conditions of a particular era. Moreover, it is noted that the Deskilling Thesis of Braverman has been used in practice for supporting the need of teachers for being protected towards the mechanization of their role –

Gun Control Essay Example for Free

Gun Control Essay Gun Control seems to be more of an issue today than it has ever been in the history of our world. We’ve all heard tragic news stories about gun violence; we’ve been hearing about these stories since we’ve been old enough to remember. Gun control has always been a controversial issue, but it could possibly be the most controversial of all issues now. The recent shootings at Sandy Hook in Newport, Connecticut have placed gun control at the front of the line. Gun control isn’t relative to my field of study, but it is an issue that I feel ignorant about. I can understand the views of both sides of the debate, but I work with many gun enthusiasts who are narrow-minded towards this issue, and I want to put an end to this ignorance; not just at my place of work, but anywhere that the issue is being discussed. This is a very serious and sensitive issue that will affect my children’s future, and I need to educate myself because I want to be involved. Gun violence is out of control and needs to be stopped. Gun control has been, and probably always will be, an issue that will always have opposition; but the issue needs to be addressed now more than ever. It’s not an issue of gun control in general; it’s an issue of gun control today. Everyone wants to comment on the ineffectiveness of gun control laws in the past, such as the assault rifle band; stating that gun violence never decreased from these laws

Jacques Cousteau And The Ocean Film Studies Essay

Jacques Cousteau And The Ocean Film Studies Essay Imagine a world without oxygen. A dangerous world few have seen and few will ever see. A world filled with colors as bright as a rainbow and blackness as dark as any cave. A world with strange, never before seen creatures everywhere, waiting to be discovered. This is the Ocean. This is the world of Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau worked hard to make this ocean world more accessible to the world. He created movies, books, and films to allow everyone to see what lies beneath the oceans surface. He even invented new devices to allow people to go there. Making major advances in scuba diving and raising the publics awareness are just two of the ways Jacques Cousteau revolutionized ocean exploration. Jacques Cousteau made major advancements in scuba diving. Of his advances, his greatest was the invention of the Aqua-Lung. Before Cousteaus invention, diving gear consisted of airtight suits with lead boots, steel helmets, and an air hose that was attached to a ship at the surface (King). With this setup, divers had very little freedom of movement. Cousteau wanted to create a new system that would allow divers to move freely and allow divers to stay underwater for longer periods of time. He soon attempted this project and was unsuccessful. He tried using a gas mask, rubber tubes, and bottles of oxygen. Cousteau learned the hard way that pure oxygen becomes toxic to the human body at great depths. Cousteau had a seizure on a dive after breathing the pure oxygen for only four minutes. He decided that compressed air was a better choice, and went to his father for more advice (Cullen). Regular compressed air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gasses (Cullen). His father was an executive for a company that sold gasses, and Cousteau knew his father would be able to help. Cousteaus father said that a self-regulating valve would work best. The valve would allow divers to inhale and exhale through one mouthpiece without exhaling into their fresh air supply (Cullen). After hearing his fathers advice, Cousteau met with an engineer from his fathers gas company named Émile Gagnan in December, 1942. Together, they modified a self-regulating valve. They traveled to the Marne River and tested the valve with compressed air. At first, the valve did not quite work right. The valve only worked when the diver was horizontal. Within a few weeks, the pair finished their project. They called it the Aqua-Lung, and applied for a patent. Their finished Aqua-Lung weighed about 50 lbs., but still allowed divers to move freely in the water (Cullen). This invention changed the sport of diving forever, and Cousteau knew his invention could change the world as well. Soon after his invention of the Aqua-Lung, Jacques Cousteau began to set the limits for safe diving. Cousteaus First dive with his finished Aqua-Lung took him to a depth of about 60 feet (Charton). He knew that his new invention would bring many new dangers with it, so he soon began to set the limits for safe diving. Cousteau also tried using different gas mixtures with different ascension rates to find what worked best (Cullen). Soon, Cousteau began to push the limits of his Aqua-Lung. He wanted to see how deep he could safely dive. In 1947, Cousteau was able to reach a depth of 297 feet (Cullen). Cousteau began to discover new dangers that could threaten divers. Cousteau soon began feeling the symptoms of nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis affects divers on deep dives and has many effects on the mind. One of its main effects is not allowing a diver to think clearly and could cause the diver to make mistakes while diving that could be fatal (Cullen). He also learned of decompressi on sickness when a man diving with Cousteau died while he was ascending. Cousteau set the safe diving limit at 300 feet after this event (Cullen). These guidelines for safe diving would protect the lives of thousands of divers for many years to come. Cousteaus invention of the Aqua-Lung in 1942 created many new possibilities for divers. The Aqua-Lung made it possible for divers to explore parts of the ocean that had never before been seen, such as underwater caves. Marine scientists were also able to study ecosystems in deeper parts of the ocean more efficiently. They saw things they could never before see (Cullen). The Aqua-Lung also had many more uses. These include finding and disarming German mines during WWII, clearing debris from ports, underwater photography, exploring caves and shipwrecks, and ocean research (Cullen). Cousteau even thought that the Aqua-Lung could be used as a way for specially trained soldiers to swim into enemy harbors and plant explosives on the hulls of ships (Madsen). The Aqua-Lung gave divers many more possibilities in the underwater world. Jacques Cousteau played a major part in raising public awareness for the ocean. He created many books, films, and T.V. programs throughout his life. All of these were used by Cousteau to make the world more aware of the oceans and showed how important ocean conservation was. Cousteau became interested in moviemaking when he was very young. He was amazed by the way cameras worked and also enjoyed taking them apart and rebuilding them. This interest followed Cousteau throughout his life, and he went on to make many award-winning films and movies (Cullen). Cousteau began to waterproof his cameras and began taking cameras with him on his dives. He soon released his first film, Eighteen Meters Down, which was very popular at the Cannes Film Festival in 1943 (Cullen). Cousteau began to improve his cameras. He built them to withstand the water pressure they would have to take during deeper dives. Using his improved cameras, he created many new films. He also tried color film and artificial light in his films for the first time (Cullen). The later years of Cousteaus life were spent creating film series and television specials. These include The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, Cousteau Odyssey, and Cousteau Amazon. Viewers were amazed by the images in these new films, and Cousteau received over 40 Emmy nominations (Cullen). By publishing The Silent World in 1953, Cousteau continued to educate the public about the ocean. The book was made popular because of its color photos and stories from Cousteaus dives (King). It also included Cousteaus first explorations of shipwrecks and underwater caves. The Silent World was instantly successful and became a best-seller (Cullen). The book was so successful that it was published in 22 languages and sold worldwide (King). A film version of The Silent World was released three years later, in 1956 (Cullen). The year of its release, the film won the highest award at the Cannes Film Festival, the Palme dOr. It was the first document ary to win this award, and only one documentary has won the award since (Collins). The following year, in 1957, the film also won an Oscar award (Cullen). Cousteau knew that in order to continue his research, he needed a research vessel. He soon found what he needed. Cousteau purchased the Calypso, a 400-ton minesweeper. The ship was converted into a floating laboratory filled with modern equipment and underwater television cameras (OLeary and OMeara). The Calypsos first expedition started on November 24, 1951. The mission was to research the Red sea. The Calypso was used to create many of Cousteaus films and documentaries. While researching the Red sea, the Calypsos crew filmed coral reefs, islands, volcanic basins, new plant and animal species, and recorded a new record depth of 16,500 feet. The new films created from the Calypso expedition amazed scientists, naturalists, and most importantly, the National Geographic Society, who agreed to finance one of Cousteaus future expeditions aboard the Calypso (Cullen). While onboard the Calypso, Cousteau created over 70 films and television specials (Cullen). The Calypso was also used as a w ay to document and record pollution and other human caused problems affection the ocean (OLeary and OMeara). At this time, few people were aware of how their pollution was affecting the ocean. Cousteau dedicated a large part of his life to promoting ocean conservation. He knew the importance of the ocean as a source of food, water, and minerals. In 1973 he founded the Cousteau Society. The society was created to teach public the importance of ocean conservation. The mission of the Cousteau Society is to understand, defend, and communicate about the Water Planet, and in doing so, protect the rights of future generations,(Jacques-Yves Cousteau). The Cousteau Society continues its mission, and still teaches ocean conservation today. Jacques Cousteau worked hard and put a lot of effort into raising support for the organization (Cullen). He gave his entire life to speaking out for the ocean, and convinced people around the world to take better care of the ocean. Cousteau achieved this goal through his films, books, and the Cousteau Society (OLeary and OMeara). In an interview for a magazine, Cousteau said, Our way of managing the Earth is wrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the oceans are sic k, but theyre not going to die. There is no death possible in the oceans there will always be life but theyre getting sicker every yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ We need to outline what is possible and what is impossible with the nonrenewable resources on Earth, ( ).

The Relationship between Psychology and Movies Essays -- Good Will Hunt

Movies are most of the time related to a human being’s life. Movies apply psychology to their plots. For example, movies like the StepMom directed by Chris Columbus, and Good Will Hunting directed by Gus Van Sant show us that psychology is part of our lives in a day to day base. It could go from a divorce to a person who is scared to take a step in life. The textbook, Psychology: Core Concept, by Philip G. Zimbarbo, Ann L. Weber, and Robert L. Johnson, utilizes examples from these movies. We are going to see how these movies relate to the core principles of psychology. In Chapter four, we see how psychology starts all the way from the beginning of our lives. It shows how we as organisms change over time. We go from being a zygote to an embryo and then to a fetus. Then we go into behavior performance since we are born until we die. We start with little things like responding to sounds, recognizing our moms, moving from side to side, walking, talking, playing, and so forth. One big aspect of our life is learning to talk. We start out babbling, and then go into our one- word two-word stage, until we are able to learn grammar. Another aspect of our life is cognitive development. This is where our thinking changes. This theory comes from the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. We start out by assimilating information. We assimilate through out our lives. Then there are stages we go through from birth to adulthood. The first stage is the Sensorimotor Stage which is from birth to the age of two. In this stage, the child relies heavily on innate motor response to stimuli. (pg.133.) Then there is the stage call Preoperational Stage which is from the age of two to about seven years. In this stage we learn to use our language in a well developed mental representation. (pg134.) Then there is the stage from seven to eleven years this is call the Concrete Operational Stage. In this stage, is capable of understanding conversation but still is incapable of abstract thought (pg.134.) The last stage is the Formal Operational Stage. This stage is from about 12 years and on. This stage is when our abstract thought appears. Then it continues to social and emotional development. This is where they child develops a theory of mind which is an awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own (pg. 137.) This makes up... ...his chapter. Matt Damon plays Will Hunting, a boy genius who was severely abused as a child and has been in trouble with the law ever since. He works as a janitor in a school. While working he solves an impossible mathematical problem on the blackboard. When the math professor, Lambeau, finds out that it was the janitor that solve the math problems he was amazed. This led him to go to Will’s court hearing and get him to be release under his supervision. Will is in court for The court had him meet a therapist. He first sees a psychiatrist who did not help him. Then he had hypnosis that did not work either. Then he meets the therapist who was played by Robin Williams. Sean helps Will Hunting change his life. Both Will and Sean are haunted by the past. These led to Will believing in Sean and the therapy starts to work. Also their similarity of the meaning of the world. will live life with a wonderful philosophy that he could go through the rest of his life without having to r eally know anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychology is involved in all aspect of our lives. It answers many questions. Through movies like the ones mentioned above we are able to how psychology works.

Dealing with Death in Whitman’s O Captain! My Captain! and Tennyson’s C

Dealing with Death in Whitman’s O Captain! My Captain! and Tennyson’s Crossing the Bar Life and death are recurring topics in literature; they are not often referred to directly, but are inferred from figurative language. In Walt Whitman’s poem entitled â€Å"O Captain! My Captain† from his anthology of poems, Leaves of Grass, he describes the passing of Abraham Lincoln through the use of an extended metaphor. Similarly, â€Å"Crossing the Bar,† by Lord Alfred Tennyson, from his collection of poetry, Demeter and Other Poems, alludes to one’s preparation for his or her own death. At times, the two authors utilize similar techniques, employing various figurative language devices such as extended metaphors, diction and format, which all work to highlight their differences in meaning. Through the use of imagery, the authors’ poems invoke various emotions but end up leading to the discussion of two different journeys, one that is elegiac in memory of a historical figure, and the other applicable to all those who are facing death. The two poems share some common characteristics, as both make nautical references and deal with various stages of death. The two authors use capitalization to place emphasis on the titles of the characters in the poem. As in Whitman’s poem, he addresses the subject of the poem as â€Å"O Captain! My Captain,† who is the one leading the â€Å"ship† (2) that is nearing the port. This is an allusion to President Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States after the Civil War. Tennyson’s poem discusses the time when one will be â€Å"put out to sea† (4) to see the â€Å"Pilot face to face† (15). The subject in Tennyson’s poem lacks a name, and therefore can be applied to any individual, but the â€Å"Pilot† (15) refers to t... ...n, metaphors and imagery to memorialize the fallen captain, Abraham Lincoln and to give him the proper praise for his work for the United States. Tennyson’s subject is preparing for the end of his time, which is demonstrated through word choice and imagery. Through the use of literary devices, one can see the true similarities between the two poems, as both discuss death related topics through nautical metaphors, but also highlight the true differences in themes and meanings between Whitman and Tennyson’s poems. Works Cited Alfred Lord Tennyson. Ed. J.D. Robins. 1997. University of Toronto. 28 Oct. 2002 Walt Whitman. Ed. Ian Lancashire. 2002. University of Toronto. 28 Oct. 2002 4713 1 Marlow ENGL.12.05

Narrative - Life with Escher :: Personal Narrative Essays

Narrative - Life with Escher If you were to diagram my life, it would look very much like a drawing of Escher. Sometimes I feel like I'm the hand that's drawing a hand that's drawing itself. Other times I feel like I'm locked in one of those inescapable paradox cages. But most of all, I feel like I'm on the ever-ascending stairway that never goes anywhere. Life's canvas was not designed to be painted by human hands. Constrained by the limitations of space and time, crippled by the human inability to see the entire painting at once, and gifted with an uncanny lack of judgement, I smear and smudge what I cannot go back and fix. At the same time, I worked hard to render my own image impeccably clear without the faintest idea of who I really was or the realization that I was constantly in flux, changing as often as a lonely flower bends before the force of the wind. Once I began to find outward stasis, my inward person grieved that I was not in the end what I wanted to be at the beginning. My attempts were futile. I then looked to the Maker of the canvas and the Master Painter to draw something more perfect, more beautiful upon my heart and frame. But do I put down the brush and lay aside our pencils? No. I stupidly scribble all over the masterpiece of my Creator. Even if He asks me to stop (I only hear him if I haven't destroyed the ears He painted in) I stubbornly confound His every stroke. Worse, I think I made an improvement. My life is also like Escher's paradox cage. This cage is of my own drawing. I thought I was building a palace for myself, but it restricted my movement. My own creation bound me, kept me from following the loving words of the Master Painter. He erased it for me once, but I was dumb enough to paint it back into existence. The funny thing, of course, is that it's just like the paradox cage. It doesn't really keep me inside. I just think it does. From my perspective, I have the illusion that it's an impregnable fortress when it's only a fake facade that need hold no one in, rendered so by the Master's nail-pierced hands. In the end, I choose to stay inside, though if I listened close, I'd hear the words of the Painter, guiding me through the illusion and onward in my life.

Obesity Essay

Obesity is an eating disorder and a condition where your Body Mass Index (BMI) is 30 or greater. It is genetic or it depends on your eating habits. This can affect your mental, psychological and physical health leaving you with inabilities to cope up with your daily life. The causes that affect people include lack of breath, having difficulties to sleep, increased sweating, snoring, inability to cope with sudden physical activity, feeling very tired and fatigued every day, and finally back pains.Some symptoms include high blood pressure, high cholesterol problems, heart diseases which lead to heart attacks and fatal strokes which can make you disabled are mainly caused by your inability to exercise . People may have lack of breath because when they breathe, they might not get back enough oxygen for it to go all parts of the body. They might have difficulty to sleep due to lack of breath, snore loudly since they get very tired easily. They get fatigued really easily because they donâ €™t have a lot of energy. They have back pains because they might need to walk a lot.They might have long term problems like high blood pressure, cholesterol, heart attacks and fatal strokes because of their eating habits and their inability to exercise. Obesity can be overcome through a technology called adjustable stomach band which is the safe process replacing stomach stapling as it is very unsafe. Gastric Banding is when they attach a band to your lower part of the torso and they tighten. This works because it triggers your senses not to eat food which makes you thinner and light. After the procedure, which tkes an hor to complete, the doctor can adjust the band so it keeps the size of your new smaller body.Gastric Balloon is a non-surgical way of overcoming obesity. The put a tiny balloon in your mouth and they make you drink a special liquid called â€Å"sterile saline fluid† to expand it. When the balloon is full it will float freely in your body. It takes about s ix months to complete as it is not as effective as gastric banding. This can also cause many health threat as mentioned above. Another process that can help overcome obesity is gastric stapling surgery. It works by them stapling 2 special staples which creates a small pouch where they put a gastric band according to the size you want your new body to be.This solves the problem because it help you to resist eating fat foods and tells your body to work out more. After the procedure, they remove the staples but the band still stays for two more weeks to ensure your body size remains the same. It is very unsafe as it has caused many fatalities as they staples came out and they stomach burst. This is also referred to as gastric stomach stapling. I chose gastric sleeve as it is safe compared to other processes used to lose weight and get rid of your weight pretty slowly compared to other procedures like gastric banding and stapling.It helps you lose the weight faster but is more expensive . It is less complicated rather than stapling your stomach through staples and ensure you out the staples in the correct position and place the band in the correct part and they make it the correct length depending on your weight and BMI. The Gastric Sleeve is used for people who have a BMI of more than 38. It is used to loose weight extra fast as it keeps only 25% of your original body size. The Neel Bagai 8. 4 (T3) procedure takes about a year and a half to complete. It solves the problem by losing 3/4 of your weight.Positive Impacts of Gastric Sleeve: It is safe to do as it is less complicated as they don’t have to cut anything or place anything You don’t need any special devices like a gastric band while the surgery is going on. Negative Effects of the Gastric Sleeve: This has many side effects like you start vomiting, diarrhea and dumping syndrome by becoming moody and your attitude starts to change. Effects: This affects the economy because it costs about US $10, 000 for the surgery but of you need to do gastric banding surgery afterwards, you need to pay an extra $7,000.You even need to take both medical and life insurance, which is optional. Doctors recommend it as it can have medical effects on you. This affects the world socially as you might have to take some time off work to see doctors biweekly for them to see if any problems have occurred with the gastric sleeve. He will even question you about you going through any side effects. After every two months, with the results, he will decide if the gastric sleeve will need to be removed from your torso.

Christmas carol Essay

In a Christmas carol by Charles Dickens, scrooge becomes a reformed character by the end of the story. Explain how effectively Dickens shows the extent of these character changes. The story tells of scrooge who is transported through time to the Christmas’ of his childhood, the present and the future. The following essay will take you through these time periods. At the beginning of the story scrooge is portrayed as a dull, bleak character. On the front cover for example we can see scrooge in a dark room on his own. The only light is from the small candle on his mantle piece. He has grey hair and a long pointy nose. Scrooge’s personality was very negative and dull. We know that his attitude is bad as when his nephew wishes him a merry Christmas he replies â€Å"bah, humbug. â€Å"scrooges nephew then again wishes scrooge a merry Christmas but again only gets a response of â€Å"what reason have you to be merry, you’re poor enough † when scrooges nephew replies â€Å"you’re rich enough what reason have you to be dismissal† scrooge has no answer to that question. As well as showing us scrooge’s negative personality it also shows us his attitude towards Christmas. Scrooge also has a negative attitude towards the poor. We learn about this as when the charity collectors come, one says â€Å"at this time of year it is usually more than desirable that we should make some slight provision for the poor. † â€Å"Are there no prisons† replied scrooge At hearing this, the inspector says â€Å"yes plenty, but many can’t go there and many would rather die. † A cold hearted scrooge then replies â€Å"well then they had better do it quick and decrease the surplus population. † The collectors were astonished and after this they realised there would be no point in pursuing there point. The gentlemen left. After this incident a couple of carol singers called at scrooge’s house. As soon as scrooge opened the door he raised a large stick and the small boys fled. At the end of the story scrooge became a completely reformed character. He walked the streets with a smile on his face; he then also went to church and watched the people hurrying to and fro. He looked into kitchens of houses and found that anything could yield him pleasure. Earlier on in the story scrooge was invited to his nephews Christmas dinner. He rejected the invite. Later that afternoon he turned his steps towards the party. He walked in and said â€Å"where is my love† â€Å"He’s in the dining room â€Å"said the servant. Scrooge made his way to the dining room and when he walked in everyone looked at him bemused. â€Å"Why bless my soul† cried Fred â€Å"who’s that† â€Å"Its I, your uncle scrooge, I have come to dinner. Will you let me in Fred? † â€Å"Of course† replied Fred. After the party instead of scrooges usual party pooper image he cried â€Å"wonderful party, wonderful games, wonderful unanimity, wonderful happiness. † Scrooge was completely reformed. Another thing that proved scrooges reformation was when Bob Cratchit turned up late for work. He was pleading with scrooge not to fire him. Instead scrooge said â€Å"a very merry Christmas and offered him a pay rise. The reader is kept interested by the ghosts that challenge scrooge each time. Once scrooge has past the first challenge the reader wants to stay and see if he passes the next one. Once he passes the second challenge the level of tension rises. After passing the third challenge scrooge remembers what he was like at the start of the story. Some of the words he used come back to haunt him. The overall message is that you don’t have to be a ‘scrooge’ if you consider others misfortunes and try to help out as much as possible. You will lead a much happier life if you are thoughtful and considerate. The story makes you wonder which side of scrooge you are most similar to. It leaves a clear question in your head. † how could I change? â€Å"

Chinese Cinderella Essay

The most persuasive and intriguing aspect of an author’s stylistic choices are within the schemes, tropes, diction and syntax. Adeline Yen Mah, author of Chinese Cinderella, paints an authentic picture of her childhood in twentieth-century China; Mah’s childhood, fraught with painful memories and bad luck, accentuates her strength and courage and ultimate triumph over despair. Mah’s stylistic choices and appeal to pathos aggrandizes the overall effectiveness of her book, Chinese Cinderella. A worldwide bestseller that has been translated into eighteen different languages, Chinese Cinderella has a wide, varied audience. The style and effectiveness are heavily dependent on the writer’s diction; Mah carefully chooses words that convey the quiet tragicness of her situation and the cultural aspect. One of the most predominant aspect of the Chinese culture is the names- Mah could write about her grandmother, grandmother and stepmother, but instead chose instead to write about her Ye Ye, Nai Nai and Niang. Choosing to write using the Chinese words creates a compelling, permeating story: â€Å"Besides Father and Niang, we lived without Grandfather Ye Ye, Grandmother Nai Nai and Aunt Baba in a big house in the French concession of Tianjin, a port city on the northeast coast of China† (Mah 5). Removing the names disturbs the authenticity of the piece and upsets the overall meaning; so much of the story is derived from the culture and time period. Culture is a significant element in the writing, but Adeline Yen Mah’s personal experience is the most essential aspect. Mah begins as a young Chinese girl growing up in Shanghai. Mah utilizes syntax to convey the juvenile tone; simply constructed sentences create a childish perspective while maintaining an intelligent insight: â€Å"Next day, there was a grand funeral. Nai Nai’s coffin was draped with white sheets and placed on a hearse pulled by four men. We all dressed in white robes with white headbands for the boys and white ribbons for the girls† (Mah 20). While describing scenes and occasions so simply may seem less interesting, the simple, clean sentences actually paint a clear image in one’s mind. The strong, clean sentences keep the story from seeming too pitiful- Mah does not need verbiage to write well. If excessively descriptive, long sentences are employed the effectiveness of the writing would decrease, â€Å"Later, I saw Big Sister and Niang walking toward the balcony and talking privately just before she and Samuel left for their honeymoon. Was she able to explain it all away? I hoped so. I only wished I could have helped her more† (Mah 89). Straightforward observations create an innocent perspective. Verbiage would hinder her child-like persona- if she writes to sound like the settled, distinguished writer and doctor she is, her novel, in which she is a young Chinese girl, would be considerably less qualified. Through the syntax and diction, Mah appeals to her most compelling appeal, emotion. Her story is tragic- an unloved daughter, Mah suffers cosmic misfortune after cosmic misfortune. Syntax provides the youthful insight, diction provides the cultural aspect, and Mah’s life provides the emotionally evocative story, â€Å"Though a fascinating variation on the classic Cinderella story, with a monstrously hateful villain and a smart, plucky heroine, the book is also rife with simplistic caricatures and shallow melodrama. Yet the daily contempt Yen Mah encountered as a child often touches the heart† (Cruz). Mah eloquently details the tragic events of her past, and as a result, appeals to pathos strongly throughout the entire book. Mah’s stylistic choices and appeal to pathos aggrandizes the overall effectiveness of her book, Chinese Cinderella. The appeal to pathos is the greatest weapon in Mah’s arsenal, and she uses diction and syntax as her bullets. Strong, simple sentences and poignant, culturally related diction â€Å"Verges on soap-opera theatrics, Yen Mah remains true to her sympathetic nature† (Cruz). The elegance and skill of Mah are evident in her writing.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream

1. The actions of the character ‘Puck’ in Shakespeare’s ‘A midsummer night’s dream’ affects the comedy of the play directly and completely reflects the Shakespearean world. Shakespeare portrays humor in numerous ways in his plays and this makes most of his plays successful. ‘A midsummer night’s dream’ is a cautious mixture of humor and love. There are two types of humor, one is plain humor that is added with the help of artisans in the play and the other is inferred humor, which is seen because of a funny character, Puck in this play. The artisans are not intelligent but they pretend to be and they mess up ith grammar and spelling, which results in mere confusion. By making silly mistakes of words they change the meaning of the sentence completely and in this way the audience enjoy the simple and plain comedy in the play. Shakespeare has made use of inferred humor with the help of a character Puck, who is a hyperactive child and gets into mischief every now and then. 2. Shakespeare has made use of the fools a lot in his plays and they are not only portrayed as jesters or fools but they are mediators and sometimes seem to be much more intelligent than the so-called masters. These fools add buoyancy to the story, humor at times of erious situations and also help to lighten the shadow of confusion caused by others. They have fewer dialogues but whatever they say has meaning and they say it with wit and sense. There are two fools in Shakespeare’s ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’, namely Mishra 2 Puck and Bottom where Bottom is portrayed for plain humor, Puck is for inferred humor. Also Puck is very mischievous and creates lot of confusion when he mistakenly puts the love juices in the eyes of Lysander instead of Demetrius. A. ‘A midsummer night’s dream’ is one of the most popular plays of Shakespeare and is idely acted upon worldwide. It is actually a romantic comedy and the story is about the adventures of four Athenian lovers with a group of amateur actors. There are some supernatural powers and the effects of their mischief and above all the confusion created by them. Shakespeare has made his female characters enjoy much more freedom than they actually posses. Helena and Hermia escape into the woods where they do not come under the laws of Theseus or Egeus. Hermia elopes with her lover Lysander and Helena also follows her with Demetrius whom she loves a lot. So women are seen using courage nd guts in Shakespeare’s play for their love but the ultimate refuge and happiness for them is marriage. Mainly there are three plots in the play that are interlocked and the main confusion is caused because Puck mistakenly puts the love juice in the eyes of Lysander who falls in love with Helena instead of Hermia. Because of all this, the four lovers quarrel with each other and in order to stop them from killing each other, Oberon orders Puck to keep them off from each other and re-charm Lysander for Hermia. When Oberon gets what he had asked from Titania, he releases her, Lysander is freed from the magic enchantment and Puck relieves Bottom from the ass’s head. But the magic is allowed to remain on the eyes of Demetrius so that Helena gets her lover in the end. As the whole night is spent in mere confusion and refuge in a forest full of supernatural powers, the lovers are made to think Mishra 3 the whole thing as a dream. In the end everyone retires to bed and Bottom awakes and thinks that he also had a dream. B. Puck, in Shakespeare’s ‘A midsummer night’s d ream’ is in the real sense a fool, i. e. , a jestor whose job is to entertain the Fairy King, Oberon. He is practically involved in the ngoing functions of the play and is seen making some intelligent observations regarding life and love. Puck is introduced to audience in ‘Act II Scene I’ with his encounter with one of Titania’s fairies and this interaction gives the audience an idea how mischievous and playful he is. Puck is given an assignment by Oberon in order to punish the Fairy Queen, Titania because he is angry with her. Oberon asks Puck to put the love juices in Titania’s eyes so that when she wakes up she falls in love with the first creature she sees. Also, Oberon wants to put right love problems of the lovers that are seen running about in he forest and so orders Puck to put some love juices in Demetrius’ eyes. Here Puck makes a mistake and puts the love juices in Lysander’s eyes which further causes lot of problems. Both, Lysander and Demetrius become madly in love with Helena and not with Hermia. All these confusions and comic situations in the play are just because of the foolishness of Puck. C. Puck, in fact, does not take life seriously and believes in fun and mischief. He is also not serious in performing his duties and has airy and light attitude towards his responsibilities. While all the other characters are serious and busy dealing with problems nd confusions, Puck is almost relaxed and is enjoying everything, pulling pranks and dancing around. One of such example is when Puck puts an ass head on Bottom, which is just fun and nothing else. Puck is having fun and is playful throughout the play except in Mishra 4 the end when he sorts out all the problems and makes all believe that they must have experienced a dream. In the end Puck makes a direct speech to the audience and apologizes for anything that must have hurt somebody's feelings and even suggests the audience to take everything as a dream. His speech is, If we shadows have offended, Think but this, and all is me nded, That you have but slumber’d here While these visions did appear. And this week and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream, Gentles, do not reprehend: If you pardon, we will mend: And, as I am an honest Puck, If we have unearned luck, Now to ‘scape the serpent’s tongue, We will make amends ere long; Else the Puck a liar call; So, good night unto you all. Give me your hands, if we be friends, And Robin shall restore amends. (Act V. Scene I) Mishra 5 Thus it is seen that throughout the play Puck is seen making fun, pulling pranks and dancing around like a fool but in the end he ties the audience with the play by just elivering one speech. He is quite intelligent and is totally aware of other’s feelings and understands love and life more than anyone else in the play. In fact Puck’s job is to entertain the Fairy King, Oberon with his tricks, pranks and jokes. His real name is Robin Goodfellow and his character in this play is a little bit similar to the mythological figure, Puck. Just as all the confusion and problems arise due to Puck’s silly mistakes he sorts them out by creating fog and putting more of the flower in Lysander’s eyes which would reverse the effect. So in the end he succeeds in making all the others believe that they had ust experienced a dream and nothing that happened was in reality. Shakespeare used humor in his plays with the help of these jesters and clowns. In fact the fools in Shakespeare’s plays are a mixture of clown and the courtly fool or jester, that has both the qualities as to entertain the king and others with his foolish activities and to say truth in a witty or satirical manner. Where all the other people hesitated to point out King’s mistakes or misjudgment, Shakespearean fools spoke the truth without any fear. They were characterized as very intelligent and sensitive but they pretended to be as fools ost of the time. This is seen in Shakespeare’s ‘A midsummer night’s dream’ in which Puck is a character whose job is to entertain the Fairy King and obey his orders. He actually has not much power in his hands and just carries on the orders of Oberon. He is typical of Shakespeare’s fools and is foolish and mischievous and at the same time intelligent and sensitive too. He is also made to parody the actions and speeches of other characters of the play towards the end of the play during the great fog just to carry on the Mishra 6 light humor a little more until the confusions are sorted out. A Midsummer Night’s Dream Judging the various thematic expression of the play in the light of these lines, it is illustrated that sometimes imagination leads to wholesome results and sometimes leads to absurd consequences. The quintessence of A Midsummer Night’s Dream reveals that the quick fervor, the inconstancy, the quirky work of caprice, the illusion, the fictitious idealism, the delusions, love-idiocies become personified in the play and creates a world of its own. This imaginative world seems as real and living as those which are visited by the warmth of love in the play by the lovers. This creates the whole atmosphere in a way that every far-fetched thing is uniformly existent and incredible. One may label it as the fictitious idealism i. e. production of mere imagination but seems real to lovers as Theseus does in these lines. These lines further corresponds to another thematic expression that is subsidiary to the main theme is love vs. reason. The final pairing in the play accords with the choice which the two girls (Hermia and Helena) have faithfully adhered to; but the choice and the fidelity have not been dictated by reason. Evidently, love is not based upon any rational judgment and imagination has a role to play in the corridors of love. Imagination is liable to err but it has its creative function too. Theseus not only dwells on the misleading consequences of the exercise of the faculty of imagination but also eulogize its higher and creative aspect. In the amorous affairs, everything is led, guided and controlled entirely by the imaginative faculty. Titania’s infatuation for Bottom the ass is an aberration of love; so is the Lysander’s infatuation for Helena. These infatuations are product of this imagination whereas the four love affairs that create a world of intense ardor are also a production of imagination. So these lines encircle the main theme of the play and a sense of dream-reality persists due to imaginative effect in the life of characters as well as in the play. A Midsummer Night’s Dream Judging the various thematic expression of the play in the light of these lines, it is illustrated that sometimes imagination leads to wholesome results and sometimes leads to absurd consequences. The quintessence of A Midsummer Night’s Dream reveals that the quick fervor, the inconstancy, the quirky work of caprice, the illusion, the fictitious idealism, the delusions, love-idiocies become personified in the play and creates a world of its own. This imaginative world seems as real and living as those which are visited by the warmth of love in the play by the lovers. This creates the whole atmosphere in a way that every far-fetched thing is uniformly existent and incredible. One may label it as the fictitious idealism i. e. production of mere imagination but seems real to lovers as Theseus does in these lines. These lines further corresponds to another thematic expression that is subsidiary to the main theme is love vs. reason. The final pairing in the play accords with the choice which the two girls (Hermia and Helena) have faithfully adhered to; but the choice and the fidelity have not been dictated by reason. Evidently, love is not based upon any rational judgment and imagination has a role to play in the corridors of love. Imagination is liable to err but it has its creative function too. Theseus not only dwells on the misleading consequences of the exercise of the faculty of imagination but also eulogize its higher and creative aspect. In the amorous affairs, everything is led, guided and controlled entirely by the imaginative faculty. Titania’s infatuation for Bottom the ass is an aberration of love; so is the Lysander’s infatuation for Helena. These infatuations are product of this imagination whereas the four love affairs that create a world of intense ardor are also a production of imagination. So these lines encircle the main theme of the play and a sense of dream-reality persists due to imaginative effect in the life of characters as well as in the play. A Midsummer Night’s Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream is one of the many works of William Shakespeare. It is romantic comedy that is said to have been written around 1595 or 1596. It tells the story of young Athenian lovers and their encounter with the Duke and Duchess of Athens and as well with fairies and actors of a play for the Duke’s wedding.The story tells of how far someone would go in order to find themselves. It also shows the reality of sexual bias in our society, how male dominates and other sexual conflicts. It also shows the power of the gods, how they are able to dictate human lives like in the story of Oedipus Rex wherein the story shows that no one can change their destiny that the gods are in control but in the case of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, fairies had been able to control/play with the human characters in the story.The story teller in the play was Puck, also a character in the play. He is a fairy and servant of Oberon (the king of fairies).The story took in Athens in the time of Theseus and Hippolyta. The conflicts in the story started in the Duke’s place and continued in the woods where the king of fairies and his wife were and some other fairies as well. Several conflicts follow in this setting.There had been theories which tries to explain the reason behind the creation of the story although there is no concrete evidence that are found to support these theories. It had been said that there had been numerous aristocratic wedding that took place during 1596 and it was said that it is for these occasions that play was written. Also, another theory says that the play was written for the Queen and for the celebration of Saint John’s feast day.What is missing in the story is a tragedy. Although there had been some confusion and conflicts in the play, the ending can be considered a happy ending unlike Romeo and Juliet. Life is also full of twist and turns and as well as tragedies. Also, the ending seems to have been in favor with every character in the story, well, just as Puck said, consider it a dream. Still, tragedy could have been also present but is not easily seen. Well the ending of the story could just really be plain comedy or a hidden tragedy.The last scene also provides the readers view about reality and as well as imagination. It is also through good imagination that we can enjoy a play or a story. It is what makes these things interesting and really worth our time, money and effort in watching or even reading a play. It requires good imagination and our ability to distinguish what is reality and what is not.I believe that what makes A Midsummer Night’s Dream similar with several stories that I know (watch, read, or heard) is that it tells how far someone would go for their love. Many stories had also been written that tells of several conflicts that are about to be faced by the characters in order to be able to rest the arms of their loved ones.The same thing goes for Shakespeare’s othe r plays like Romeo and Juliet. For me, the story tells of the reality that in life, there are so many trials and obstacles that we must faced before achieving happiness. We cannot have everything that we want and definitely there will be times that we must compromise our happiness for something or someone else.The story also showsI believe that everyone will benefit from the play. It teaches some lessons that are applicable to our daily lives. Everyone will really see something in this story that will surely help them or change some of their views and how they perceive some things in their lives. I also enjoyed the story together with the conflicts that arises. It also help me realize that I must respect others decisions, beliefs etc.Just like in the story, every parent must respect their sons and daughters decisions especially when in comes to matters regarding their feelings. Respect is a very important factor in developing your relationship with other people. Also, it should be a very important part of your personality. If we do not respect others, we should not expect that they will respect us back.ReferenceSky-McIlvain, E. (2004). A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare. RetrievedNovember 19, 2007 fromhttp://www.leasttern.com/Shakespeare/Midsummer/Dreamhome.htm

Law essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law - Essay Example was carried in by the canon lawyers and then by the school of natural law leading to voluntarism, the leading lights of which were Domat and Pothier and which carried all before it under the French Civil Code during the whole of the nineteenth century. Conversely, in England, though not in Scotland, Roman law has not had the same influence. It took longer for the notion of contract to be worked out and voluntarism went into an almost immediate decline. The decline was hastened by the analyses of American writers, particularly following the famous article by Fuller and Perdue these went as far as proclaiming the death of the contract. Yet contract is alive, and it continues to constitute the basic legal instrument used to regulate the economic relations between natural and legal persons. It is, however, a concept which has undergone a certain evolution and which, from a comparative point of view, does not take the form of a uniform model. A contract under common law is not exactly the same as under the German or French legal systems. For that reason, it is necessary to begin with a study of the basic notion of a contract as it exists in the main legal systems with which we are concerned, in order to work out what it is that the various concepts with which we are concerned, in order to work out what it is that the various concepts found in those systems have in common. Once that has been done, it will be possible to determine the relationship between the notion of a contract, as thus defined, and the other sources of law giving rise to obligations, such as torts and quasi-contract/restitution. After that, it will then be necessary to move onto a higher plane, by considering what it is that gives binding force to a contract (Beale, 2002, KÃ ¶tz and Flessner, 1997). A contract is a voluntary agreement or promise between legally competent parties, supported by legal consideration, to perform or refrain from performing) some legal act. That definition may be easier to

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Taxation - Essay Example First, the paper explores the evidence presented by Mirrlees that is applicable to welfare reform, then analyses the shortcomings of the current benefits and welfare system, the changes proposed to the welfare system, and lastly, criticisms launched by various parties to the proposed changes to the UK benefits and welfare system. The Mirrlees Review delivers a comprehensive review of tax reform drawing on new evidence, new (applied) theory, and new economic environment. The main motivation for the call for reform was a tax structure that does not work as a system (absence of joining up between welfare benefits, corporate taxes, and personal taxes); is not neutral in cases where it should be (irreconcilable savings taxes and a corporate tax system that elevates debt over equity); is not well structured where it should diverge from neutrality, and fails to attain progressivity efficiently (Auerbach 2012, p.685). The impact of taxation on work effort forms one of the core sources of inefficiency of a distortionary tax system. Labour supply models convey the trade off between work and leisure. The evidence detailed in Labour Supply and Taxes detail that the hours of are comparatively inelastic for men, and a bit responsive for married women (Meghir and Philips 2008, p.3). The participation of low education men is more responsive to the incentive to incentives than initially thought. For men with enhanced levels of education, participation is virtually responsive. The Mirrlees Review considered evidence under five headings: critical margins of adjustment to tax reform; measurement of effective tax rates; the significance of information and complexity; evidence on the size of responses; and, implications from theory for tax design (Mirrlees, et al. 2010, p.2). The review delivers empirical evidence on labour supply responses for individuals and families at both the intensive and extensive margins and by age and demographic structure;

Health and Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health and Homelessness - Essay Example Common health predicaments and service issues Drugs In the case of homeless people, especially rough sleepers, there is a higher rate of morbidity and mortality as compared to the general population. What this implies is that homeless people tend to have a lower or average lifespan than the general population. In this instance, the main problem is drug overdependence, and the exploitation of intravenous drugs, which results in the spread of diseases and viruses such as HIV, Hepatitis B & C, cellulitis, among others (Baggott, Allsop & Jones 2005). Furthermore, the use of schedule 1 drugs that are not meant for medicinal purposes such as heroin and crack cocaine also increases the mortality and morbidity among the homeless people. The use of such drugs makes it hard for medical practitioners to deal or treat individuals with different medical problems. Sometimes, homeless people can just get into different medical centers just to get drugs, which prevents the process of rehabilitation (Baggot 2011). Drug treatments have now different nationally accepted outcomes. The prescription of drugs to homeless patients depends on the patients, the general practitioners, and the drug workers. The different individual circumstances might also aid in determining the outcomes of the strategies employed to cater to the different individuals present (CSDH 2008). Detoxification can only work with the cessation of drug use and/or provision from drug workers. Frenzied users may not prefer such an approach since it is not practicable or realistic.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Case Study Example That is, African Americans trying to rent an apartment can expect to encounter race discrimination at nearly one-third of the city’s apartment complexes, according to a city-funded study. Roughly 30 of 100 apartment complexes in the study were found to give â€Å"preferential treatment† to whites over African Americans who sought information on apartment availability and price. Regardless of evidence provided or allegations placed against an individual, all suspects are innocent until proven guilty. Thus, despite the fact that all facts and evidences are pointing towards Peters, my assumptions while working on this case was that as far as Square Deal Housing had evidence against Peters, Peters was innocent until when he will be proven guilty by the court. In order to analyze this information I used Box and Whisker Plot as the main analysis tool. Box and Whisker Plot is a data and information analysis tool used to show and analyze multiple sets of variation data on a single graph. After critical analysis of this case, I found that Square Deal Housing’s allegations against Peters were right and with sufficient roof, and that Peters had actually violated â€Å"Fair Share† rule. Hence, I advised him accordingly. What I can recommend for management is that they should adhere to â€Å"fair share† of the metropolitan area’s African American tenants. They should not use inability of African Americans to ay rents on time as excuse. That is, they should give all people equal chances regardless of their race or

Computer Science and Information Technology in HR Department of an Research Paper

Computer Science and Information Technology in HR Department of an Organization - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that computer science designates the mathematical, as well as scientific, approach in computing. There has been an increasing acknowledgment that the power of information technology and computing should be, and can be, enlarged beyond its conventional user base, to reach out to citizens, who up till now have not had admittance to such technology. At the present time business world is enduring a vast change. So, the use of Computer science and Information technology in the organizations department helps to solve the problems, as well as to improve the better communication skill of the various departments. Here the research proposal talks about Computer Science and Information Technology in HR department of an organization. Computer science and Information technology are expected to develop the overall performance of HRM by shifting its focus from management or personnel management to strategic HRM. HR information technology is fundamental for organizations to ad minister their benefits plans and their worker information. It will help to solve the problems and improve communication skill in the particular department. â€Å"Computer Science† is the mixture and application of â€Å"Applied Mathematics†, â€Å"Electrical Engineering†, and â€Å"Complexity Theory/Algorithms† to understand and/or model information. In other words, it is the â€Å"field of computation† â€Å"Information Technology† is the mixture and application of â€Å"Programming†, â€Å"Hardware Administration†, â€Å"Software Administration†, â€Å"Networking†, â€Å"Network Security† and â€Å"Technical Support†. ... In other words, it is the â€Å"management of computers† (Abhishek 2012). Computer science and Information technology in the HR department of the organization must be reasonable, available, and significant. The quick and extensive use of information technology and computers has created a need for extremely trained employees, proficient in different job functions. The most considerable alteration is that the professionals in the HR department at the present focus more on company strategic question from a â€Å"human resource† facet through the top level managers of the organizations rather than only dealing with personnel management. So, the use of Computer science and Information technology in HR department of the organization is extremely helpful to solve the various problems, as well as improve the communication in overall departments. Meanwhile, division of the HR jobs, such as routine management and management performance, are decentralized to line managers. In cont rast, these days, organizations are thirsty for the Computer sciences and IT to decrease cost, develop service, and accomplish effectiveness. To make known the adding value of Computer sciences and IT application in HR department of the organization, it is essential to elucidate how IT can advocate the various functions of the HR department, for example, communication/problem solving. Critical Review of Relevant Literature/Review of Current Systems: The application of IT and computer science in human resource department has been built up since 1990s, the influence of IT on HRM are lengthening over years (Florkowski, Lujan 2006). Its capability of contributing to the whole performance of company, as well as

Compare malcolm x and martin luther king jr Essay

Compare malcolm x and martin luther king jr - Essay Example Malcolm grew as a bright student but an incident of racial discrimination in his class made him leave the school and he shifted to Boston. His encounter with subtle racism helped develop his anti-white views later in his life. He was engaged in anti-social activities in Boston and ultimately ended up in prison. He was a representation of the struggle of black people during this time and did not have any faith in Christianity (Shabazz, Haley & X, 5). On the other hand Martin Luther King Jr. pursued the footsteps of his father and attained the position of a minister. He attained his pastorship for the first time in 1955 when he was 25 years of age. Both the personalities took part in politics and both had extraordinary power in delivering speech. However while Malcom X was a vehement preacher for the blacks and called for their organization against the white whom he blamed for all the misfortunes of America, he changed his views later and called for inclusion of whites, in contrast to his anti-white ideologies. On the other hand Luther King was a preacher of non violence who tactfully and persuasively focused on the conflicts of state interest and civic duty, being aware of the privileges obtained by the whites of Birmingham. Martin Luther King Jr. ... With a tone of peaceful persuasion, he suggests some imaginative solutions to adjust with changing times with respect to the power of hope, optimism, and nonviolence strategy and finally a dream. All these would call for brave reaction under challenging circumstances. His careful reasoning is meant to influence his audience and delivers the underlying message unfolding the conflict of civic duty and the interests of the state that exist. He explains that he was asked by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to help in the struggle for civil rights in Birmingham and this prevalence of injustice brought him there. He did not want to see his people treated unequally and as second-class citizens who have often been victims of broken promises on behalf of the state. Therefore his presence was motivated by a desire to create a continuous organization, give shape to a struggle and clear cut vision along with devising of a plan which could turn their defeats into triumphs. His fellow clergymen had asked him not to come to Birmingham, yet he was there due to the presence of injustice and he did not have the mindset to sit back and watch the demonstrations passively. Coming to Malcom X’s mode of struggle, one finds his strong involvement with the Nation of Islam after coming in contact with Elijah Muhammad’s views. He became actively involved as he became the minister of the Nation of Islam. His involvement and encounters of racial discrimination began from his early childhood itself. His position now gave him the power to raise his voice in favor of righteousness. As a prominent personality he started to present his views on white America and racial politics. His

Educational technology classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Educational technology classes - Essay Example The chapter helped in understanding what educational technology is. According to Reiser and Dempsey (2012), â€Å"When asked to define the term instructional technology, [people] will mention computers, DVDs, mobile devices,† which is very correct. This really altered my understanding. This essay helps in understanding of the definition of the field of educational technology and other resources in the first project by writing about the field. Through this writing, the real meaning of the field is understood. Educational models were next. Most of them related to what was learned in the previous classes while some of them were new. The history of educational technology was also described. This was not new as it had been summarized in the past using articles by other authors along with Reiser and Dempsey (2012). Education theory was then learnt. It gave me the chance to decide which one of them to adopt in my teaching style in future. The next thing was writing my own educational theory. This was very challenging and interesting. It enabled me to put into practice my learning style which was the backward theory. I realized that there is a model for the backward theory which helped one to foresee the outcome of the theory in future. New knowledge on how to become a better instructional designer in the future was gained. In the education process, the teacher alone cannot handle all the responsibility. The instructional designer and the management of the institutions should all be involved so as to help in delivery of knowledge to learners.

Macy Brand Essay Example for Free

Macy Brand Essay 1. Macy’s is one of very few brands in the retail business that can credibly be called an icon, and the flagship store in New York and the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade are considered a commercial and cultural legacies. Since some years ago Macy’s Inc. has undertaken an extensive effort to transform Macy’s from a regional to a national brand, redefining itself. Macy’s national branding strategy is offering a more localized, personalized retail customer experience. My Macy’s is a sweeping initiative designed to embed a customer-centric orientation into every aspect of the company’s operations, and it reflects the way Macy’s wants its customers to view their personalized relationship with the company every time they interact with the brand. Macy’s believes that the aim is consistency and the key is data. To implement the kind of customer-centricity envisioned a customer data strategy was a prerequisite. So was needed to consolidate the various data repositories that had accumulated from predecessor companies, and for realizing the foundational importance of this work on a long-term macys.com need to turn to IBM to provide guidance and tools. To finish the virtually transformation macys.com worked to put in place the architectural elements needed for a 360 degree view of its customers to support a strategy of multichannel integration. 2. Considering this IT implementation Macy’s is able to know customer’s preferences and create dynamically customizes recommendations or personalized promotions and these information established a deeper level of engagement between the customers and the brand, the customer loyalty, wallet share and the sales will increase. This implementation improved the decision making and optimized the distribution center. All these benefits had make Macys’ a much more customer-centric company. 3. A data strategy was a pre-requisite towards Macy’s multichannel model to Macys’ be able to become more customer-centric. This mean, it was needed to capture customer data to enable Macys’ to interact on a more personal level with its customers. So all the previous customer’s data and a 360-degree view of the customer will personalize and enrich the customer experience in the company. To get all the information from previous data and from the 360-degree view of the customer, Macys’ turned to IBM and they provide IBMÂ  InfoSphere Information Server platform and IBM InfoSphere DataStage to integrate the multiple sources of customer data, they also provide IBM InfoSphere QualityStage to ensure that all data can be trusted and finally they provide IBM InfoSphere Warehouse Enterprise Edition to macys.com be capable to get data warehouse framework for real-time analytics. 4. To understand if this information system is strategic for the company I will do a 5 Forces of Porter analysis. According with the benefits of the IT implementation Macys’ customers will become more loyal at the brand what will minimize the bargaining power of the buyers. Working with IBM made Macys’ able to understand the evolving business needs to take the right decisions on technology and architecture, what make Macys’ more flexible to changes, and that will decrease the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of suppliers and the threat of new entrance. With all the powerless 4 forces will influence rivalry decreasing it. To conclude, all the 5 forces have no influence on Macys’ strategy what means that this information system is strategic for the company. 5. Â  To transform Macys’ from regional to a national brand and become a more customer-centric company was need to transform in scope, the physical, logistical and organizational dimensions. According with The Venkatraman model Macys’ has achieve revolutionary levels being at the Business Scope Redefinition Degree Transformation.

Accounting for Decistion Makers Essay Example for Free

Accounting for Decistion Makers Essay The Question: Charlie and Maribelle Brown have owned and operated a retail furniture store for more than 20 years. They have employed an independent CPA during this time to prepare various sales tax, payroll tax, and income tax returns, as well as financial statements for themselves and the bank from which they have borrowed money from time to time. They are considering selling the store but are uncertain about how to establish an asking price. Prepare a brief written answer (no more than a couple of paragraphs) about what type of information is likely to be included in the material prepared by the CPA that may help the Browns establish an asking price for the store. Assignment #1 Reviewing the past and present financial statements prepared by their CPA, would allow the Browns to trend historical data such as cash flow and cost of operations. This, coupled with the current and projected economic climate as well as current and projected cost of living, would help the Browns to understand how much they spend to keep their business running as well as how much they’ve profited over time. Although the information provided in the financial statements is not a concrete indicator, it is a good gauge of how the Browns’ business will perform in the future. Unless major economic changes or other unforeseen circumstances occur, historical performance often tends to remain constant. The Browns would be able to use most of the information provided by their CPA to determine a fair asking price for their retail furniture store.

Bowstring Effect for Cervical Angina

Bowstring Effect for Cervical Angina Bowstring effect of longus colli secondary to Luschkas  joint  hyperplasiaa potential factor contributing tocervical angina Running title: Bowstring effect for cervical angina Highlights: Thirty-eight patients affected by cervical vertebra disease were involved. All the patients in Group cervical angina relieved syndromes after operation. Bowstring effect of longus colli might be a factor contributing to cervical angina. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate Luschkas joint hyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy and explore their role in cervical angina (CA) pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: After informed consent, 38 patients affected by cervical vertebra disease were included. Of these, 19 cervical angina patients were included as Group CA. As amatchedcontrol group (Group C), another 19 patients were included. All Patients were maintained under general anesthesia and underwent anterior cervical fusion surgeries. The degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy were evaluated using Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores (JOA) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI) score, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, and radiological parameters were also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference in Cobb’s Angel, Sum ROM and Segment ROM between two groups. The osteophyte area of Luschka joint in Group CA was higher than that in Group C. The musculuslonguscolli area of the pathological cord segment in Group CA was lower than that in Group C. All the patients in Group CA relieved syndromes after operation, and there was no recurrence in follow-up. JOA score increased, while NDI score and VAS score decreased after operation in both two groups (P Conclusion: Anterior cervical surgery could effectively improve the symptoms of CA. Luschkasjointhyperplasia could result in bowstring effect of longus colli, which might be a pathogenic factor of CA. Evaluating the degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia might assist in the diagnosis of CA. Keywords: cervical angina; bowstring effect; Luschkasjointhyperplasia; pathogenesis Introduction Chest pain is a frequent complaint in the Emergency Department (ED) in the world 1. Each year, more than 7 million patients present to EDs with chest pain 2. Only 20% to 25% of patients with acute chest pain will actually have acute coronary syndrome 3-5. Cervical angina (CA) is one potential cause of noncardiac chest pain being overlooked 6. It is defined as chest pain resembling true cardiac angina but originating from disorders of the cervical spine 7.Oille 8 firstly described the symptom in patients with chest pain of cervical nerve root origin. According to the Jacobs’s study 9, common manifestations associated with CA included arm and neck pain, upper arm radicular symptoms and fatigue, parasternal tenderness and occipital headache 10. Patients should be well aware of this presentation in their clinical examinations, unfortunately and in fact, a number of patients still appear to be diagnosed as coronary artery disease, and thus undergo unnecessary medications 10. Generally, CA originates from a cervical discopathy with nerve root compression 11,12. The pathogenesis of cervical angina can be explained by the fact that cervical neural roots from C4 to C8 contribute to the sensory and motor innervations associated with ante rior chest pain, and patients with true cervical angina are more likely to have disease at the C6 and/or C7 level 12. Some reports have indicated that anterior cervical surgery to correct nerve root or spinal cord compression might be a useful measure for CA 7. However, the diagnosis of cervical angina remains unresolved. The present study evaluated the degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy of 38 cases of cervical vertebra disease using Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), and aimed to explore their role in CA pathogenesis. Materials and methods Subjects Between June 2008 and June 2013, a total of 553 patients who underwent anterior cervical fusion surgeries enrolled the match-paired retrospective cohort study. Reviewing the clinical charts in retrospect, 489 patients had presented with complete follow-up (more than 12 months) data. Of these, 19 cervical angina patients were included as group cervical angina (Group CA). As amatchedcontrol group (Group C), another 19 patients were included according to age, gender, weight, most pathological cord segment, the number of pathological segment, the MRI high T2 signal and complications of Group CA. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) have cervical angina as their primary complaint; (2) consent to the standardized evaluation program at the cervical angina clinic 13. The exclusion criteria were as follows:(1) malignant disease; (2) cervical infection (specific/non-specific) or inflammatory joint disease; (3) cervical spine traum; (4) severe osteoporosis; (5)combined with heart disease. Surgical Technique All Patients were induced and maintained under general anesthesia. All surgeries were performed by one surgeon using as described previously 14-16. A right-side oblique incision was pursued for the anterior cervical spine, followed by Robinson’s anterior decompression and inter body fusion or subtotal spondylectomy with autologous iliac bone grafting. In ossified posterior longitudinal ligament, the essential technique was resection of the ossified plaque anteriorly with complete decompression of the spinal cord 16. The surgery was approved by local Ethical Committee and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards. All patients gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Postoperative treatment Postoperative patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics for 3 days, and then replaced with oral antibiotics as anti-inflammatory therapy. The drainage tube and drainage fluid properties were carefully monitored, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage and neck hematoma were timely treated. The drainage tube was pulled up 24 hours after operation. Dehydrating agent was used to relieve reactive oedema caused by spinal cord decompression. Small dose of hormone therapy was employed for three days. Cervical X ray films were needed after operation, and a neck collar was fixed for six weeks. Follow-up exam was scheduled for more than 12 months. Detection index and postoperative evaluation CT (SIENMENS SOMATOM sensation cardiac 64, 120 kV, 300 mA, slicethickness: 1 mm, reconstruction slice: 1 mm, C1-T1) and MRI were performed in all patients. For MRI, T1- and T2-weighted images in at least two planes (in most cases a sagittal and an axial slice, Figure 1) were obtained from each patient. The Cobb’s Angel, Sum ROM, Segment ROM, Area of LJO and Area of LC were measured through X-ray filter, CT scan and MRI by two independent orthopedic surgeon 17. Disease-specific clinical data one week preoperatively and postoperatively collected measures included modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores (JOA) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI) score, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score 18. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed usingSPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous data are reported as means  ± standard deviation (SD). Paired t tests were used for comparing paired variables in the same vertebrae. Value of P Results Subjects’ characteristics Table 1 showed the characteristics of the included 38 patients. There was no difference in age, gender, weight and the number of pathological cord segment between Group CA (n=19) and Group C (n=19). There were 11 cases whose pathological cord segment located in C5/6, 8 cases in C6/7, 4 cases in single segment and 12 cases in 2 segments in both two groups. The median follow-up were 38.42  ± 15.06 months and 33.32  ± 12.69 months in Group CA and Group C, respectively. Clinical presentation before and after surgical treatment As shown in Table 2, there was no significant difference in Cobb’s Angel, Sum ROM and Segment ROM between the two groups. The osteophyte area of Luschka joint were 11.14  ± 4.11 mm2 and 9.56  ± 3.49 mm2 in left and right respectively of Group CA, which were 6.1  ± 2.19 mm2 (P 2 (P = 0.002) higher than those in Group C. The musculuslonguscolli area of the pathological cord segment were 51.56  ± 14.79mm2 and 58.58  ± 13.98 mm2 in left and right respectively of Group CA, which were 4.83  ± 13.43 mm2 (P 2 (P = 0.001à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °lower than those in Group C. The osteophyte area of Luschka joint in left of Group CA was higher than that in right, and the homolateral musculuslonguscolli area of the pathological cord segment was lower than contralateral area, while the differences were not statisticallysignificant. All the patients in Group CA relieved syndromes after operation, and there was no recurrence in follow-up. JOA score increased from 9.42  ± 1.86 to 12.89  ± 1.91 (P ) after operation in Group CA and increased from 9.42  ± 1.86 to 12.68  ± 1.89 (P (P P P > 0.05). VAS score decreased from 5.89  ± 5.89 to 2.63  ± 1.07 (P P P Discussion The current match-paired retrospective cohort study evaluated the degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy in 38 patients with cervical spine disease using JOA Scores, NDI, VAS scores and radiological parameters. The results showed that there was no significant difference in Cobb’s Angel, Sum ROM and Segment ROM between two groups (P Group C. The musculuslonguscolli area of the pathological cord segment in both left and right of Group CA were lower than those in Group C. All the patients in Group CA relieved syndromes after operation, and there was no recurrence in follow-up. JOA score increased, NDI score and VAS score decreased after operation in both Group CA and Group C (P P musculuslonguscolli atrophy might assist in the diagnosis of CA. Luschkasjointhyperplasia could result in homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy and bowstring effect, which might be a pathogenic factor of CA. Anterior cervical surgery could effectivelyimprove the symptoms of CA, while the subjective standards such as JOA could not well display the severity of the CA. CA, a noncardiac chest pain, is the most common pathological condition underlying pseudoangina 10. The mechanisms of pain production in cervical angina have been a matter of considerable speculation 19. Cervical spine disorders may often be present with pain in the upper anterior chest and scapular areas, resembling true angina pectoris 20. Some studies have suggested that pain in CA is a radicular pain, secondary to root compression by a herniated disk, osteoarthritic spurs, or compression in a narrow intervertebral foramen 21. While other studies have speculated that the referred pain may be caused by painful foci in the neck caused by factors such as disk degeneration, facet syndrome, or anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments 22. Besides, some cervical angina is myelopathic pain 23. However, more and more investigators believe that CA is mediated through the sympathetic nervous system. The present study found 19 cases of CA, accounting for 3.8% of the surgical patients at the same period, which is similar to the scale of Nakajima 10. Among the 19 patients, 11 cases pained in the praecordia and accompanied by sweating, 5 cases pained in interscapular region and 3 cases pained in epigastrium. There were paroxysmal and continuous. It was worth mentioning that the preoperative JOA score was significantly higher in Group CA than that in Group CA, while there was no significant difference in JOA score and improvement rate between the two groups. JOA could only reflect the onset of the sensorimotor function and bladder function but not reflect the severity of the chest pain. The results found that the preoperative neurological function of Group CA was better than Group C, while the improvement rate of JOA period was lower than Group C. CA appears to be relatively unknown clinical syndrome compared with other angina. Prompt and accurate diagnosis requires a strong sense of suspicion in patients with inadequately explained chest pain. Routine MRI examination, or even if myelopathy is suspected, is insufficiently informative for the functional assessment of CA, a number of patients even appear to be diagnosed as coronary artery disease. Nine cases of patients were diagnosed in Department of Cardiology in the present study, and the other 10 cases presented chest pain without abnormal T wave, while the cervical spine MRI found definite compression of the spinal cord. All the 19 patients in Group CA relieved pain syndromes after cervical vertebra surgery, which proved the diagnosis of CA. It is necessary to indicate some limitations of this study. Firstly, as a match-paired retrospective cohort study, it was different to do completely same on the CA diagnostic criteria. Besides, although the population was highly selected according to the standards of match-paired retrospective cohort study, the patient sample was small, which would have caused selection bias.Furthermore, the osteophyte area of hyperplasia and the area of musculus longus colli were detected on MRI and CT respectively, and it was difficult to insure the same plane. Therefore, larger randomized studies and longer long-term studies are needed to evaluate the role of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy in the medical and surgical management of CA. In summary, the present data suggested that evaluating the degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy might assist in diagnosis of CA. Luschkasjointhyperplasia could result in homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy and bowstring effect, which might be a pathogenic factor of CA. Anterior cervical surgery could effectively improve the symptoms of CA, while the subjective standards such as JOA could not display the severity of the CA. Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population CA, cervical angina Table 2 Image Examination of the Study Population Table 3 Function Scores of the Study Population JOA, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores score; NDI, Neck Disability Index score; VAS, Visual Analog Scale score Figure legends Figure 1 Area measuring of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy A. targeting for biggest hyperplasia slice on CT axial; B area measuring of musculuslonguscolli according A. Figure 2 Comparation between two groups in subjective scores, * statistically significant. 1